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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">minbar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Minbar. Islamic Studies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Minbar. Islamic Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2618-9569</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-7990</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Islamic Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31162/2618-9569-2018-11-3-537-550</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">minbar-479</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ. Ислам в странах Азии и Африки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY. Islam in Asian and African Countries</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Социальный протест в Пакистане: от классовых форм к религиозным</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Change of social protest in Pakistan: class forms versus religious forms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-928X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белокреницкий</surname><given-names>В. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belokrenitsky</surname><given-names>V. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белокреницкий Вячеслав Яковлевич, доктор исторических наук, заведующий Центром изучения стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока </p><p>г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav Yu. Belokrenitsky, Dr. Sci. (Hist.), Prof., Head of the Centre of the Near Eastern and Central Eastern Countries</p><p>Moscow</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">enitsky@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт востоковедения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of the Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>537</fpage><lpage>550</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белокреницкий В.Я., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белокреницкий В.Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belokrenitsky V.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.minbar.su/jour/article/view/479">https://www.minbar.su/jour/article/view/479</self-uri><abstract><p>Социальный протест на Востоке, в частности в Пакистане, является сегодня одной из самых актуальных и востребованных тем. Ввиду понятного интереса к причинам острого социального недовольства, охватившего многие государства мира, в первую очередь Ближнего и Среднего Востока, а также к процессам радикализации там протестных настроений, распространению террористических методов борьбы с властью и ее ответных репрессий, расползанию, подобно раковой опухоли, зон брожения и небезопасности. Пакистан является крупнейшим по населению государством мира (6-е место, примерно 200 млн жителей), находящимся на стыке Южной, Западной и Центральной Азии. Исторически он принадлежит Южной Азии, Индостану, а культурно и цивилизационно связан с исламским миром, как арабским, так и тюрко-иранским. Международно-политическое его значение определяется рядом факторов, среди которых вражда с соседней Индией, обладание ядерным оружием, глубокая и органичная связь с обстановкой в Афганистане, участие государства в «войне с глобальным терроризмом» и распространение на его территории крупных очагов экстремистского исламизма. В достаточно обширной отечественной и еще более значительной мировой историографии по проблемам Пакистана сюжету о формах социального протеста и динамике их изменений уделено, как ни странно, недостаточно внимания. Между тем, роль и место этого социального явления велики, а определение предмета исследования, на первый взгляд, не представляется затруднительным. Если посмотреть на почти уже 70-летнюю историю существования государства Пакистан, то легко увидеть резко различающиеся этапы в характере, формах и движущих силах массового протеста, перемены во внутренних и внешних причинах, воздействовавших на него. Предварительно можно выделить два крупных периода, на которые распадается история массовых протестов населения. Первый включает начальные десятилетия, более четверти века существования страны с момента образования в1947 г. до середины–конца 1970-х гг. В эти годы социальный протест носил, как представляется, в основном классовый характер, и выражался в выступлениях рабочего класса и крестьянства, а также студенчества и средних городских слоев. Они протекали как в стихийной, так и в организованной форме и нередко были связаны с левыми и секуляристскими политическими группами и партиями, интеллектуальными кругами либерально-демократического или лево-коммунистического толка. Второй период, не закончившийся до сих пор, ознаменовался жестким подавлением государством оппозиционных рабочих, крестьянских и профсоюзных движений, усилением правого религиозного радикализма, захватом им антиправительственной «площадки». Можно в качестве гипотезы предположить, что массовый протест в Пакистане от социально-классовых форм эволюционировал в сторону социально-религиозных. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Social protest in the East, in particular inPakistan, is today one of the most vibrant research topics. It has become the focal point due to the acute social discontent that has engulfed many states around the world, first and foremost, the Near and Middle East. To this one can add radical protests and the recourse to terror as means to achieve the goals set. With its 200 million populationPakistanis one of the largest state of the world. It is located at the place where the South Asia meets the Western andCentral Asia. Historically,Pakistanbelongs to South Asia and Hindustan, however, from the point of view of its culture it is closely associated with the world of Islam that ofArabiaand the Turkic and Iranian worlds. From the point of the international politicsPakistanis equally rather important. To its importance contribute the everlasting hostility with neighboringIndia, possession of nuclear weapons as well as a deep and organic connection with the neighbouringAfghanistanand the large percentage of people who think in terms of what it called the extremist Islamism. In the vast number of research articles and monographs published both inRussiaand abroad surprisingly very little attention has been paid to the phenomenon of the social protest and its forms, which is indeed quite significant in the history of the Pakistani state. Chronologically one can identify two major periods. The first period commences in 1947 and ends up in 1970s. This period has been marked by the so-called “class protest”. Its driving forces was the peasants, the working class and the students. The protests were either spontaneous or well organized; they were linked to the left-wing and secularist political groups and parties as well as intellectuals, liberal democrats or left-wing communists. The second period were marked by the harsh state suppression of the opposition on one hand-side and strengthening of the right-wing, religious radicalism. This dichotomy invites a preliminary conclusion that that mass protest inPakistanunderwent significant changes from the “class forms” to the socio-religious ones. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>З.А.Бхутто</kwd><kwd>Зияя уль-Хак</kwd><kwd>маоизм</kwd><kwd>А.А.Маудуди</kwd><kwd>Пакистан</kwd><kwd>Пакистанская Народная Партия</kwd><kwd>социальный</kwd><kwd>протест</kwd><kwd>СССР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Islam</kwd><kwd>maoism</kwd><kwd>Pakistan</kwd><kwd>the social protest</kwd><kwd>USSR</kwd><kwd>Z. A. Bhutto</kwd><kwd>A. A. Maududi</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belokrenitsky V. Ya, Moskalenko V. N. The History of Pakistan in the 20th cent. Moscow: IV RAN; Kraft +; 2008. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belokrenitsky V. Ya, Moskalenko V. N. The History of Pakistan in the 20th cent. 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