minbarMinbar. Islamic StudiesMinbar. Islamic Studies2618-95692712-7990Russian Islamic Institute10.31162/2618-9569-2021-14-1-50-77minbar-889Research ArticleИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИHISTORYПравление Абд аль-Фаттаха ас-Сиси: политика, экономика и международные связи Египта 2010-х гг.The Rule of Abd аl-Fattah al-Sisi: Politics, Economics and International Relations of Egypt in the 2010s.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-270XКадироваГ. Ш.KadirovaG. Sh.

Кадирова Гузаль Шухратовна, докторант

г. Ташкент

Guzal Sh. Kadirova, Doctoral student 

Tashkent

guzal.kadirova.1986@mail.ruТашкентский государственный университет востоковеденияУзбекистанTashkent State University of Oriental StudiesUzbekistan2021050420211415077Copyright © Кадирова Г.Ш., 20212021Кадирова Г.Ш.Kadirova G.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.minbar.su/jour/article/view/889

Статья посвящена истории прихода к власти и анализу внутренней и внешней политики президента Арабской Республики Египет (АРЕ) фельдмаршала Абд аль-Фаттаха ас-Сиси. Автор отмечает, что новый лидер страны выбрал жесткий внутриполитический курс, направленный на укрепление собственной власти и подавление оппозиции, в первую очередь «Братьев-мусульман» (деятельность организации запрещена на территории РФ), а Конституция 2014 г. и поправки к ней 2019 г. привели к фактическому исчезновению независимых ветвей власти и ее концентрации в руках президента, а также закреплению в Основном законе положений об особой роли военных в жизни общества. Теперь глава государства и Высший совет Вооруженных сил определяют политические процессы в стране, контролируя гражданские институты. В отличие от традиционного курса АРЕ, Абд аль-Фаттах ас-Сиси выстраивает более жесткую и бескомпромиссную политику, демонстрируя готовность к применению силы, прежде всего в Ливии, суживая себе возможности для дипломатического маневра.

The article is devoted to the history of coming to power and the analysis of the domestic and foreign policy of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE), Field Marshal Abd-аl Fattah al-Sisi. The author notes that the new leader of the country chose a tough internal political course aimed at strengthening his own power and suppressing the opposition, fi rst of all, the Muslim Brotherhood (the organization’s activities are prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation), and the 2014 Constitution and its 2019 amendments led to the virtual disappearance of the independent branches of power and its concentration in the hands of the president, as well as the consolidation in the Basic Law of provisions on the special role of the military in the life of society. Thus, the head of state and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces determine the political processes in the country, controlling civil institutions. Unlike the traditional ARE course, Abd-al Fattah al-Sisi is building a tougher and more uncompromising policy, demonstrating a readiness to use force, primarily in Libya, narrowing his scope for diplomatic maneuver.

ЕгипетАбд аль-Фаттах ас-Сисивоенная элита«Братья-мусульмане»Высший совет Вооруженных силконституция Египтарелигиозный радикализмEgyptAbd-al Fattah al-Sisimilitary elite“Muslim Brotherhood”High Council of the Armed ForcesEgyptian Constitutionreligious radicalismReferencesОсновные политические силы в Египте. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://ria.ru/20130704/947526467.html?in=t (дата обращения: 18.06.2020).Osnovnye sily v Egipte [Main forces in Egypt]. [Electronic source]. – Available at: https://ria.ru/20130704/947526467.html?in=t (Accessed: 18.06.2020). (In Russian)Mason R. Egypt's Future. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://mepc.org/journal/egypts-future (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Mason R. Egypt's Future. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://mepc.org/journal/egypts-future (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Rabaa Al-Adawiya massacre ‘the worst mass killing’ in modern Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.middleeastmonitor. com/20200611-rabaa-aladawiya-massacre-the-worst-mass-killing-in-modern-egypt/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Rabaa Al-Adawiya massacre ‘the worst mass killing’ in modern Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200611-rabaa-al-adawiya-massacre-the-worst-mass-killing-in-modern-egypt/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).A Dangerous Deterioration: Egypt Under al-Sisi. A Conversation with Dr. Ashraf El Sherif. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://pomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Ashraf_QA_FINAL.pdf. (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).A Dangerous Deterioration: Egypt Under al-Sisi. A Conversation with Dr. Ashraf El Sherif. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://pomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Ashraf_QA_FINAL.pdf (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Египет: постмодернистский переворот. Интервью с П. Стегнием. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://russiancouncil.ru/analyticsand-comments/interview/egipet-postmodernistskiy-perevorot/ (дата обращения: 18.06.2020).Egipet: postmodernistskiy perevorot. Interv'yu s P. Stegniyem [Egypt: postmodern coup. In-terview with P. Stegniy]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/interview/egipetpostmodernistskiy-perevorot/ (Аccessed: 18.06.2020). (In Russian)Constitutional Declaration, 8 July 2013 [unoffi cial translation]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf? reldoc=y&docid=5491883b4 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Constitutional Declaration, 8 July 2013 [unoffi cial translation]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf? reldoc=y&docid=5491883b4 (Accessed: 17.06.2020).Constitutional history of Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://constitutionnet.org/country/egypt (Аccessed: 10.05.2020).Constitutional history of Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://constitutionnet.org/country/egypt (Аccessed: 10.05.2020).Конституция Египта, январь, 2014. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https: //worldconstitutions.ru/?p=1013 (дата обращения: 17.06.2020).Konstitutsiya Egipta, yanvar 2014 [Egyptian Constitution from January 2014]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://worldconstitutions.ru/?p=1013 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020). (In Russian)Meyer-Resende M. Egypt: in-Depth Analysis of the Main Elements of the New Constitution. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/433846/EXPO-AFET_NT(2014) 433846_EN. https://pdfsearches.com/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Meyer-Resende M. Egypt: in-Depth Analysis of the Main Elements of the New Constitution. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/433846/EXPO-AFET_NT(2014) 433846_EN.pdf (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Сапронова М. Новая конституция Египта: конец играм в ислам. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=19422 (дата обращения: 10.05.2020).Sapronova M. Novaya Konstitutsiya Egipta: konets igram v islam [Egypt's new constitution: an end to the Islamic game]. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://www.iimes.ru/ ?p=19422 (Аccessed: 10.05.2020). (In Russian)Poushter J. El-Sisi likely to win Egypt election, but questions about mandate remain. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.orgfacttank/2014/05/28/el-sisi-likely-to-win-egypt-election-but-questions-aboutmandate-remain/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Poushter J. El-Sisi likely to win Egypt election, but questions about mandate remain. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.orgfacttank/2014/05/28/el-sisi-likely-to-win-egypt-election-but-questions-aboutmandate-remain/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Arab Republic of Egypt: Election for President. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2787/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Arab Republic of Egypt: Election for President. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2787/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Степовик М. Египет: побежденный кандидат оспаривает результаты выборов. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.dw.com/ru//a-17673945 (дата обраще-ния: 10.05.2020).Stepovik M. Egipet: pobezhdennyy kandidat osparivaet rezul'taty vyborov [Egypt: Defeated candidate disputes election results]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.dw.com/ru//a-17673945 (Аccessed: 10.05.2020). (In Russian)Ромашенко С. Фельдмаршал ас-Сиси избран президентом Египта. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.dw.com/ru/a-17670798 (дата обращения: 10.05.2020).Romashenko S. Feldmarshal as-Sisi izbran prezidentom Egipta [Field Marshal al-Sisi is elected as a President of Egypt]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.dw.com/ru/a-17670798 (Accessed: 10.05.2020). (In Russian)El Baradei L. Eight Points About Egypt’s Presidential Election. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.thecairoreview.com/tahrir-forum/eightpoints-about-egypts-presidential-election (Аccessed: 10.05.2020).El Baradei L. Eight Points About Egypt’s Presidential Election. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.thecairoreview.com/tahrir-forum/eightpoints-about-egypts-presidential-election (Аccessed: 10.05.2020).Sisi’s Unconventional Campaign. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://timep.org/presidential-elections-monitoring/sisis-unconventional-campaign/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Sisi’s Unconventional Campaign. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://timep.org/presidential-elections-monitoring/sisis-unconventional-campaign/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Khaled Dawoud. Egypt’s Parliamentary Elections Law: A Setback for Democracy. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org /blogs/menasource/egypt-s-parliamentary-elections-law-a-setback-fordemocracy/ (Аccessed: 20.05.2020).Khaled Dawoud. Egypt’s Parliamentary Elections Law: A Setback for Democracy. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org /blogs/menasource/egypt-s-parliamentary-elections-law-a-setback-fordemocracy/ (Аccessed: 20.05.2020).Парламентские выборы в Египте. Досье. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://tass.ru/info/2354649 (дата обращения: 10.05.2020).Parlamentskie vybory v Egipte. Dos'e [Parliamentary elections in Egypt. Dossier]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://tass.ru/info/2354649. (Аccessed: 10.05.2020). (In Russian)Dunne M., Hamzawy A. Egypt’s Secular Political Parties: A Struggle for Identity and Inde-pendence. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/03/31/egypt-s-secular-political-parties-strugglefor-identity-and-independence-pub-68482 (Аccessed: 20.05.2020).Dunne M., Hamzawy A. Egypt’s Secular Political Parties: A Struggle for Identity and Inde-pendence. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/03/31/egypt-s-secular-political-parties-strugglefor-identity-and-independence-pub-68482 (Аccessed: 20.05.2020).Trew B. Sisi ally Moussa Mostafa Moussa comes forward to save Egypt poll from farce. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sisi-ally-moussa-mostafa-moussa-of-ghad-party-comes-forward-to-save-egyptpoll-from-farce-28z6j350s (Аccessed: 22.05.2020)Trew B. Sisi ally Moussa Mostafa Moussa comes forward to save Egypt poll from farce. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ article/sisi-ally-moussa-mostafa-moussa-of-ghad-party-comes-forward-to-save-egyptpoll-from-farce-28z6j350s (Аccessed: 22.05.2020)Ibrahim A. Egypt 'election': Is Mousa Mostafa Mousa a 'puppet' of Sisi? [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/egypt-election-mousa-mostafa-mousa-puppet-sisi-180322114130986.html (Аccessed: 22.05.2020)Ibrahim A. Egypt 'election': Is Mousa Mostafa Mousa a 'puppet' of Sisi? [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/egypt-election-mousa-mostafa-mousa-puppet-sisi-180322114130986.html. (Аccessed: 22.05.2020).Davison J., Tolba A. Egypt's Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-election-result/egypts-sisi-wins-97-percent-in-election-with-no-realopposition-idUSKCN1H916A. (Аccessed: 22.05.2020).Davison J., Tolba A. Egypt's Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-election-result/egypts-sisi-wins-97-percent-in-election-with-no-realopposition-idUSKCN1H916A (Аccessed: 22.05.2020).Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/egypt-plannedpresidential-vote-neither-free-nor-fair (Аccessed: 10.05.2020).Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/egypt-plannedpresidential-vote-neither-free-nor-fair (Аccessed: 10.05.2020).Bárbara Azaola Piazza. The Consolidation of Authoritarianism in al-Sisi’s Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2018/Authorianism_Egypt_Barbara_Azaola_Piazza_Medyearbook 2018.pdf (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Bárbara Azaola Piazza. The Consolidation of Authoritarianism in al-Sisi’s Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2018/Authorianism_Egypt_Barbara_Azaola_Piazza_Medyearbook 2018.pdf (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Волков С.Н. Итоги конституционного референдума в Египте. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.imemo.ru/news/events/text/itogi-konstitutsionnogo-referenduma-v-egipte?ret=527 (дата обращения: 17.06.2020).Volkov S.N. Itogi konstitutsionnogo referenduma v Egipte [Results of a constitutional refer-endum in Egypt]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.imemo.ru/news/events/text/ itogi-konstitutsionnogo-referenduma-vegipte?ret=527 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020). (In Russian)Gamal Essam El-Din. Frequently Asked Questions about parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 constitution. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Gamal Essam El-Din. Frequently Asked Questions about Parliament's proposed amendments of Egypt's 2014 Constitution. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/330089/Egypt/Politics-/Frequently-Asked-Questions-about-parliaments--prop.aspx/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).TIMEP Brief: Egypt’s 2019 Constitutional Referendum. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://timep.org/reports-briefi ngs/egypts-2019-constitutionalreferendum/(Аccessed: 17.06.2020).TIMEP Brief: Egypt’s 2019 Constitutional Referendum. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://timep.org/reports-briefi ngs/egypts-2019-constitutionalreferendum/(Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Bahey Eldin Hassan. New Political Struggles for Egypt’s Military. [Electronic source]. Available at: https: //carnegieendowment.org/sada/79096 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Bahey Eldin Hassan. New Political Struggles for Egypt’s Military. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/79096 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Федорченко А. Египет после выборов: необходимость и возможность экономических реформ. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://mgimo.ru/about/news/experts/253304/ (дата обращения: 17.06.2020).Fedorchenko A. Egipet posle viborov: neobhodimost i vosmojnost ekonomicheskih reform [Egypt after the elections: the need and the possibility of economic reforms]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://mgimo.ru/about/news/experts/253304/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020). (In Russian)Варкентин А. Новый Суэцкий «канал процветания»: Египет надеется на экономиче-ское чудо. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.dw.com/ru/новый-суэцкий-канал-процветания-египет-надеется-на-экономическое-чудо/a-18632632 (дата обращения: 06.05.2020).Varkentin A. Novyy Suetskiy “kanal protsvetaniya”: Egipet nadeetsya na ekonomicheskoe chudo [New “Suez Canal of prosperity”: Egypt hopes for economic miracle]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.dw.com/ru/noviy-suetskiy-kanal-protsvetaniya-egipet-nadeetsya-na-ekonomicheskoyechudo/a-18632632 (Аccessed: 06.05.2020). (In Russian)Шмелева Т. АЭС «Эд-Дабаа» – проект первой атомной электростанции Египта. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=46645 (дата обращения: 17.06.2020).Shmelyova T. AES “Ed-Dabaa” – proyekt pervoy atomnoy elektrostantsii Egipta [NPP “Ed-Dabaa” - the project of the fi rst nuclear power plant in Egypt]. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=46645 (Аccessed:17.06.2020). (In Russian)Priewasser R. The Missing Revolution: El-Sisi’s Presidency in the Light of the Army’s His-torical Role in Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer27/Stichproben27_03_Priewasser.pdf (Аccessed: 03.01.2021).Priewasser R. The Missing Revolution: El-Sisi’s Presidency in the Light of the Army’s His-torical Role in Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer27/Stichproben27_03_Priewasser.pdf (Аccessed: 18.06.2020).Egypt's economy expected to achieve highest growth rates in region: Int'l outlooks. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/145539/Egypt's-economy-expected-to-achieve-highest-growth-rates-in-region-Int'loutlooks?lang=en-us (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Egypt's economy expected to achieve highest growth rates in region: Int'l outlooks. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/145539/Egypt's-economy-expected-to-achieve-highest-growth-rates-in-region-Int'loutlooks?lang=en-us (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Fahmi G. Egyptian Election Numbers Show Regime Supporters Are Becoming More Passive. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/egyptian-election-numbers-show-regime-supporters-arebecoming-more-passive (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Fahmi G. Egyptian Election Numbers Show Regime Supporters Are Becoming More Passive. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/egyptian-election-numbers-show-regime-supporters-arebecoming-more-passive (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Shehata D. Sixty Years of Egyptian Politics: What Has Changed? [Electronic source]. Avail-able at: https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/sixty-years-ofegyptian-politics-what-has-changed/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Shehata D. Sixty Years of Egyptian Politics: What Has Changed? [Electronic source]. Avail-able at: https://www.thecairoreview.com/ essays/sixty-years-ofegyptian-politics-what-has-changed/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Adel El-Adawy. Egypt's Evolving Foreign Policy. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/egyptsevolving-foreign-policy (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Adel El-Adawy. Egypt's Evolving Foreign Policy. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/egyptsevolving-foreign-policy (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Nosseir M. Egypt needs to better leverage its foreign policy. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/05/14/egypt-needs-tobetter-leverage-its-foreign-policy/ (Аccessed: 17.05.2020).Nosseir M. Egypt needs to better leverage its foreign policy. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/05/14/egypt-needs-tobetter-leverage-its-foreign-policy/ (Аc-cessed: 17.05.2020).Heba Saleh. Egypt threatens military action in Libya if Turkish-backed forces seize Sirte. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/e6aa87b0-5e0b-477f-9b89-693f31c63919 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Heba Saleh. Egypt threatens military action in Libya if Turkish-backed forces seize Sirte. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/e6aa87b0-5e0b-477f-9b89-693f31c63919 (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Hartwell D. Sisi’s reformed foreign policy could restore Egypt as major regional power. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/sisis-reformed-foreign-policy-could-restore-egypt-as-major-regionalpower/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Hartwell D. Sisi’s reformed foreign policy could restore Egypt as major regional power. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/sisis-reformed-foreign-policy-could-restore-egypt-as-major-regionalpower/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Doaa El-Bey. Egypt’s post-June 2013 Foreign Policy: Balance and Diversity. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/371846/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Egypt’s-postJune--foreign-policyBalance-and-diver.aspx (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Doaa El-Bey. Egypt’s post-June 2013 Foreign Policy: Balance and Diversity. Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/371846/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Egypt’s-postJune--foreign-policy-Balance-and-diver.aspx (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).U.S. Relations With Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-egypt/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).U.S. Relations with Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-egypt/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Sharp J. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf. (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Sharp J. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf. (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Petillo K. Upholding values abroad: Europe’s balancing act in Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.ecfr.eu/arti-cle/commentary_upholding_values_abroad_europes_balancing_act_in_egypt (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Petillo K. Upholding values abroad: Europe’s balancing act in Egypt. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.ecfr.eu/ arti-cle/commentary_upholding_values_abroad_europes_balancing_act_in_egypt (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Bassem Elmaghraby. Egyptian-Russian Relations after the June 30th Revolution: Historic Recurrence or Political Option. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/02/26/egyptian-russian-relations-afterthe-june-30th-revolution-historic-recurrence-or-political-option/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).Bassem Elmaghraby. Egyptian-Russian Relations after the June 30th Revolution: Historic Recurrence or Political Option. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/02/26/egyptian-russian-relations-afterthe-june-30th-revolution-historic-recurrence-or-political-option/ (Аccessed: 17.06.2020).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.