minbarMinbar. Islamic StudiesMinbar. Islamic Studies2618-95692712-7990Russian Islamic Institute10.31162/2618-9569-2021-14-1-175-200minbar-896Research ArticleПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИPSYCHOLOGYВоспринимаемая дискриминация, религиозность и психическое здоровье афганских беженцев в РоссииPerceived discrimination, religiosity and mental health of Afghan refugees in Russiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-4635Заремба-ПайкС. С.Zaremba-PikeS. S.

Заремба-Пайк Светлана Салаватовна, психолог, магистр психологии

г. Москва

Svetlana S. Zaremba-Pike, Psychologist, Master in Social Psychology 

Moscow

svetlanka.ms@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-8242ЛепшоковаЗ. Х.LepshokovaZ. Kh.

Лепшокова Зарина Хизировна, психолог, ведущий научный сотрудник Центра социокультурных исследований

г. Москва

Zarina Kh. Lepshokova, Psychologist, Lead Researcher for the Centre of Sociocultural Research

Moscow

taimiris@yandex.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияHigher School of Economics National Research UniversityRussian Federation202106042021141175200Copyright © Заремба-Пайк С.С., Лепшокова З.Х., 20212021Заремба-Пайк С.С., Лепшокова З.Х.Zaremba-Pike S.S., Lepshokova Z.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.minbar.su/jour/article/view/896

В статье представлены результаты анализа взаимосвязи между воспринимаемой дискриминацией, религиозностью и дистрессом среди афганских беженцев, проживающих в России. В исследовании приняли участие 96 респондентов: 54 мужчины и 42 женщины в возрасте от 18 до 55 лет. Для определения уровня дистресса использовался Афганский чек-лист симптомов дистресса, разработанный специально для афганской выборки, ASCL (Miller, et al., 2006). Для измерения воспринимаемой дискриминации использовалась шкала, взятая из опросника MIRIPS (Berry, 2017), степень религиозности оценивалась шкалой центральности религиозности CRS (Huber, Huber, 2012). Анализ результатов исследования подтвердил нашу гипотезу о том, что чем выше дискриминация, тем выше уровень психологического дистресса. Также исследование выявило, что положительная связь между воспринимаемой дискриминацией и дистрессом ослабляется при высоком уровне религиозности и усиливается при низком уровне религиозности. Это свидетельствует о том, что для афганских беженцев, проживающих в России и принявших участие в исследовании, приверженность своей религии выступает в качестве буфера, помогающего противостоять дискриминации и дистрессу.

This paper presents the analysis of relationships between perceived discrimination, religiosity and psychological distress of Afghan refugees living in Russia. The study included 96 respondents: 54 men and 42 women, aged 18-55 years. To determine the level of distress, Afghan Distress Symptom Checklist (ASCL), specifi cally developed for the Afghan sample, was used (Miller, et al., 2006). To measure perceived discrimination, we used a scale from the MIRIPS questionnaire (Berry, 2017). The degree of religiosity is assessed according to the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) (Huber, Huber, 2012). Analysis of the research results confi rm our hypothesis that the higher the perceived discrimination, the higher the level of psychological distress. The study also proves that the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and distress is weakened with a higher level of religiosity displayed and just the opposite, such relationships get stronger when the level of religiosity is low. This suggests that for Afghan refugees-respondents living in Russia, adherence to their religion acts as a buff er against discrimination and distress.

дискриминациярелигиозностьдистресспсихическое здоровьебеженцыафганцыРоссияdiscriminationreligiositydistressmental healthrefugeesAfghansRussiaИсследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ.This article is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).ReferencesForced displacement in 2019. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global trends. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html (Accessed: 05.04.2020).Forced displacement in 2019. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global trends. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html (Accessed: 05.04.2020).Afghanistan’s refugees: forty years of dispossession, 2017. Amnesty International. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/afghanistan-refugees-forty-years/ (Accessed: 15.02.2020).Afghanistan’s refugees: forty years of dispossession, 2017. Amnesty International. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/afghanistan-refugees-forty-years/ (Accessed: 15.02.2020).Forced Displacement in 2018. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2018/ (Accessed: 15.03.2020).Forced Displacement in 2018. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2018/ (Accessed: 15.03.2020).Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Демограция, миграция. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/migr4-2.xls (дата обращения: 14.05.2020).Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki. Demogratsiya, migratsiya [Federal State Statistics Service. Demography/migration]. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/migr4-2.xls (Accessed: 14.05.2020). (In Russian)Зотова Н. Афганцы в России: дружная и многонациональная диаспора в сто тысяч человек. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.fergananews.com/articles/5192 (дата обращения: 15.05.2020).Zotova N. Afgantsy v Rossii: druzhnaya i mnogonatsional’naya diaspora v sto tysyach chelovek [Afghans in Russia: Friendly and multinational diaspora of one hundred thousand people]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.fergananews.com/articles/5192 (Accessed 15.05.2020). (In Russian)World population prospects, 2019. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx (Accessed: 14.02.2021).World population prospects, 2019. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx (Accessed: 14.02.2021).National Bureau of Statistics and Information. Demographics in 2019-2020. Adah mla ahsa’eah w m’elwmat. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-98.pdf(Accessed: 01.03.2021).National Bureau of Statistics and Information. Demographics in 2019-2020. Adah mla ahsa’eah w m’elwmat. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-98.pdf (Accessed: 01.03.2021). (In Dari)Chapter one – the state, Article 16 on languages, 1962. Afghanistan. Constitution. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html (Accessed: 01.03.2021).Chapter one – the state, Article 16 on languages, 1962. Afghanistan. Constitution. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html (Accessed: 01.03.2021).Dorronsoro G. Kabul at war (1992–1996): State, ethnicity and social classes. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. 2007. DOI: 10.4000/samaj.212.Dorronsoro G. Kabul at war (1992–1996): State, ethnicity and social classes. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. 2007. DOI: 10.4000/samaj.212Как живется афганцам в России. Би-би-си Россия. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_4375000/4375925.stm (дата обращения: 10.05.2020).Kak zhivetsya afgantsam v Rossii [Life of Afghans in Russia]. BBC Rossiya [BBC Russia]. [Electronic source]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_4375000/4375925.stm (Accessed: 10.05.2020). (In Russian)Троицкий К.Е. Деградация института убежища в России и новые антирекорды миграционных служб. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://refugee.ru/publications/degradatsiya-instituta-ubezhishha-v-rossii/ (дата обращения: 05.04.2020).Troitsky K.E. Degradatsiya instituta ubezhishcha v Rossii i novye antirekordy migratsionnykh sluzhb: statistika 2017 goda i ee kratkaya analitika [Degradation of the institution of asylum providing in Russia and new anti-records of migration services: statistics for 2017 and its brief analytics]. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://refugee.ru/publications/degradatsiya-instituta-ubezhishha-v-rossii/ (Accessed: 05.04.2020). (In Russian)Documents in the fi eld of refugee protection in Russia. The United High Commissioner on Refugees. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/ru/docsrefrf (Accessed: 15.02.2021).Documents in the fi eld of refugee protection in Russia. The United High Commissioner on Refugees. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/ru/docsrefrf (Accessed: 15.02.2021).Migrants from Central Asia struggle with documentation in Krasnodar Krai. Minority rights group. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/September-2018_MR_Trends_Report_170x240_WEB_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 01.03.2021).Migrants from Central Asia struggle with documentation in Krasnodar Krai. Minority rights group. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/September-2018_MR_Trends_Report_170x240_WEB_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 01.03.2021).Mukomel V. Immigration and Russian migration policy: debating the future. Russian analytical digest. 2006;7:2–6.Mukomel V. Immigration and Russian migration policy: debating the future. Russian analytical digest. 2006;7:2–6.Stickley A., Oh H., Koyanagi A., Leinsalu M., Narita Z., Roberts B. et al. Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in nine countries of the former Soviet Union. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2019;65(2):158–168.Stickley A., Oh H., Koyanagi A., Leinsalu M., Narita Z., Roberts B. et al. Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in nine countries of the former Soviet Union. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2019;65(2):158–168.Williams D.R., Yu Y., Jackson J.S., Anderson N.B. Racial diff erences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of health psychology. 1997;2(3):335–351. DOI: 10.1177/135910539700200305.Williams D.R., Yu Y., Jackson J.S., Anderson N.B. Racial diff erences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of health psychology. 1997;2(3):335–351. DOI: 10.1177/135910539700200305Silove D., Ventevogel P., & Rees S. The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges. World psychiatry. 2017;16(2):130–139. DOI:10.1002/wps.20438Silove D., Ventevogel P. & Rees S. The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges. World psychiatry. 2017;16(2):130–139. DOI:10.1002/wps.20438Priebe S., Giacco D., El-Nagib R. Public health aspects of mental health among migrants and refugees: a review of the evidence on mental health care for refugees, asylum seekers and irregular migrants in the WHO European Region. World Health Organization. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326308 (Accessed: 15.04.2020).Priebe S., Giacco D., El-Nagib R. Public health aspects of mental health among migrants and refugees: a review of the evidence on mental health care for refugees, asylum seekers and irregular migrants in the WHO European Region. World Health Organization. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326308 (Accessed: 15.04.2020).Alemi Q., Stempel C. Discrimination and distress among Afghan refugees in northern California: The moderating role of pre-and post-migration factors. PloS one. 2018;13(5):1–19.Alemi Q., Stempel C. Discrimination and distress among Afghan refugees in Northern California: The moderating role of pre-and post-migration factors. PloS one. 2018;13(5):1–19.Hollander A.C., Dal H., Lewis G., Magnusson C., Kirkbride J.B., Dalman C. Refugee migration and risk of schizophrenia and other non-aff ective psychoses: cohort study of 1.3 million people in Sweden. BMJ. 2016;352:i1030. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1030Hollander A.C., Dal H., Lewis G., Magnusson C., Kirkbride J.B., Dalman C. Refugee migration and risk of schizophrenia and other non-aff ective psychoses: cohort study of 1.3 million people in Sweden. BMJ. 2016;352:i1030. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1030Close C., Kouvonen A., Bosqui T., Patel K., O’Reilly D., Donnelly M. The mental health and wellbeing of fi rst generation migrants: a systematic-narrative review of reviews. Globalization and health. 2016;12(1):1–13. DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0187-3Close C., Kouvonen A., Bosqui T., Patel K., O’Reilly D., Donnelly M. The mental health and wellbeing of fi rst generation migrants: a systematic-narrative review of reviews. Globalization and health. 2016;12(1):1–13. DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0187-3Dapunt J., Kluge U., Heinz A. Risk of psychosis in refugees: a literature review. Translational psychiatry. 2017;7(6):e1149. DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.119Dapunt J., Kluge U., Heinz A. Risk of psychosis in refugees: a literature review. Translational psychiatry. 2017;7(6):e1149. DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.119Pascoe E.A., Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin. 2009;135(4):531–534. DOI: 10.1037/a0016059Pascoe E. A., Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin. 2009;135(4):531–534. DOI: 10.1037/a0016059Chen W., Hall B.J., Ling L., Renzaho A.M. Pre-migration and postmigration factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the moderation eff ect of post-migration stressors: fi ndings from the first wave data of the BNLA cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(3):218–229. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30032-9Chen W., Hall B. J., Ling L., Renzaho A. M. Pre-migration and postmigration factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the moderation eff ect of post-migration stressors: fi ndings from the first wave data of the BNLA cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(3):218–229. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30032-9Schweitzer R., Melville F., Steel Z., Lacherez P. Trauma, post-migration living diffi culties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;40(2):179–187. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01766.x.Schweitzer R., Melville F., Steel Z., Lacherez P. Trauma, post-migration living diffi culties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;40(2):179–187. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01766.x.Bonanno G.A. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American psychologist. 2004;59(1):20–28. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20Bonanno G.A. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American psychologist. 2004;59(1):20–28. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20Fernando C. & Ferrari M. Spirituality and resilience in children of war in Sri Lanka. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health. 2011;13(1):52–77.Fernando C. & Ferrari M. Spirituality and resilience in children of war in Sri Lanka. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health. 2011;13(1):52–77.Abolfathi Momtaz Y., Hamid T.A., Ibrahim R., Yahaya N. & Tyng Chai S. Moderating eff ect of religiosity on the relationship between social isolation and psychological well-being. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2011;14(2):141–156. DOI: 10.1080/13674676.2010.497963Abolfathi Momtaz Y., Hamid, T.A., Ibrahim R., Yahaya N. & Tyng Chai S. Moderating eff ect of religiosity on the relationship between social isolation and psychological well-being. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2011;14(2):141–156. DOI: 10.1080/13674676.2010.497963Shoeb M., Weinstein H.M., Halpern J. Living in religious time and space: Iraqi refugees in Dearborn, Michigan. Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007;20(3):441–460.Shoeb M., Weinstein H.M., Halpern J. Living in religious time and space: Iraqi refugees in Dearborn, Michigan. Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007;20(3):441–460.Naja W.J., Aoun M.P., El Khoury E.L., Abdallah F.J.B., Haddad R.S. Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the infl uence of religiosity. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2016;68:78–85.Naja W.J., Aoun M.P., El Khoury E.L., Abdallah F.J.B., Haddad R.S. Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the infl uence of religiosity. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2016;68:78–85.Berry J.W. Intercultural relations in plural societies. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne. 1999;40(1):12. DOI:10.1017/9781316875032.019Berry J.W. Intercultural relations in plural societies. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne. 1999;40(1):12. DOI:10.1017/9781316875032.019Miller K.E., Omidian P., Quraishy A.S., Quraishy N., Nasiry M.N., Nasiry S. et al. The Afghan symptom checklist: a culturally grounded approach to mental health assessment in a confl ict zone. American journal of orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(4):423–433. DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.423.Miller K.E., Omidian P., Quraishy A.S., Quraishy N., Nasiry M.N., Nasiry S. et al. The Afghan symptom checklist: a culturally grounded approach to mental health assessment in a confl ict zone. American journal of orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(4):423–433. DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.423.Kirmayer L.J., Rousseau C., Eric Jarvis G., Guzder J. The cultural context of clinical assessment. Psychiatry. 2015;1:56–70.Kirmayer L.J., Rousseau C., Eric Jarvis G., Guzder J. The cultural context of clinical assessment. Psychiatry. 2015;1:56–70.Huber S., Huber O.W. The centrality of religiosity scale (CRS). Religions. 2012;3(3):710–724.Huber S., Huber O.W. The centrality of religiosity scale (CRS). Religions. 2012;3(3):710–724.Hayes A.F. PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=ru&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=A+versatile+computational+tool+for+observed+variable+mediation%2C+moderation%2C+and+conditional+process+modeling&btnG= (Accessed: 15.03.2020).Hayes A.F. PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. [Electronic source]. Available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=ru&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=A+versatile+computational+tool+for+observed+variable+mediation%2C+moderation%2C+and+conditional+process+modeling&btnG= (Accessed: 15.03.2020).Rudmin F.W. Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. Review of general psychology. 2003;7(1):3–37.Rudmin F.W. Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. Review of general psychology. 2003;7(1):3–37.Alemi Q., James S., Siddiq H., Montgomery S. Correlates and predictors of psychological distress among Afghan refugees in San Diego County. International journal of culture and mental health. 2015;8(3):274–288. DOI: 10.1080/17542863.2015.1006647Alemi Q., James S., Siddiq H., Montgomery S. Correlates and predictors of psychological distress among Afghan refugees in San Diego County. International journal of culture and mental health. 2015;8(3):274–288. DOI: 10.1080/17542863.2015.1006647Ross K., Handal P.J., Clark E.M., Vander Wal J.S. The relationship between religion and religious coping: Religious coping as a moderator between religion and adjustment. Journal of religion and health. 2009;48(4):454-467. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-008-9199-5Ross K., Handal P.J., Clark E.M., Vander Wal J.S. The relationship between religion and religious coping: Religious coping as a moderator between religion and adjustment. Journal of religion and health. 2009;48(4):454–467. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-008-9199-5Ellis B.H., Lincoln A.K., Charney M.E., Ford-Paz R., Benson M., Strunin L. Mental health service utilization of Somali adolescents: Religion, community, and school as gateways to healing. Transcultural psychiatry. 2010;47(5):789–811. DOI: 10.1177/1363461510379933Ellis B.H., Lincoln A.K., Charney M.E., Ford-Paz R., Benson M., Strunin L. Mental health service utilization of Somali adolescents: Religion, community, and school as gateways to healing. Transcultural psychiatry. 2010;47(5):789–811. DOI: 10.1177/1363461510379933Sulaiman-Hill C.M.R., Thompson S.C. «Thinking Too Much»: Psychological distress, sources of stress and coping strategies of resettled Afghan and Kurdish refugees. Journal of Muslim Mental Health. 2012;6(2). DOI: 10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0006.205Sulaiman-Hill C.M.R., Thompson S.C. “Thinking Too Much”: Psychological distress, sources of stress and coping strategies of resettled Afghan and Kurdish refugees. Journal of Muslim Mental Health. 2012;6(2). DOI: 10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0006.205De Anstiss H., Ziaian T. Mental health help-seeking and refugee adolescents: Qualitative fi ndings from a mixed-methods investigation. Australian Psychologist. 2010;45(1):29–37.De Anstiss H., Ziaian T. Mental health help-seeking and refugee adolescents: Qualitative fi ndings from a mixed-methods investigation. Australian Psychologist. 2010;45(1):29–37.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.