“The first Caucasian revolutionary”: Sheikh Mansur in Soviet historiography
https://doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2023-16-3-513-536
Abstract
The article deals with the secular historiography of the anti-Russian movement that emerged in the North Caucasus in the last quarter of the 18th century. The author analyzes the main concepts and the source base on which the main conclusions of historians were based. There are several periods in the development of the study of the movement of Sheikh Mansour, for each of which the main scientific works are considered. First, the early Soviet historiography is considered, which tried to fit the movement under the leadership of Sheikh Mansur into the general Soviet narrative. The next stage in the development of historiography is associated with the concealment of the figure of Mansur, which followed the deportation of the Vainakhs to Central Asia, and later declaring it inspired by Turkey. In the late Soviet period, such concepts as “national liberation”, “anti-colonial” and “anti-feudal” were assigned to the movement, even though Mansur did not fit into the concept of the so-called “voluntary integration” of Chechen-Ingushetia into Russia.
Supporting agencies: The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of project № 23-18-00303 “Soviet historical narrative: content, actors and construction mechanisms”.
About the Author
S. B. Manyshev
The Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sergey B. Manyshev - Cand. Sci. (History), Invited Expert, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Moscow
References
1. Turtsiya. Iz Konstantinopolya ot 10 noyabrya [Turkey. From Constantinople, 10 November]. Moskovskie vedomosti [Moscow Bulletin]. 1785;104:1085. (In Russian)
2. Tikhonov V.V. Istoriki, ideologiya, vlast' v Rossii XX veka: Ocherki [Historians, ideology, power in Russia of the XX century: Essays]. Moscow: The Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2014. 218 p. (In Russian)
3. Zhurtova A.A., Maksimchik A.N. Istoriografiya rossiysko-kavkazskikh otnosheniy v XVI – XIX v.: dva podkhoda k osmysleniyu problem [Historiography of Russian-Caucasian Relations in the 16th – 19th Centuries: Two Approaches to Understanding the Problem]. Vladikavkaz: V.I. Abaev North-Ossetian Institute for Humanitarian and Social Studies; 2017. 440 p. (In Russian)
4. Pokrovskiy M.N. Diplomatiya i voyny tsarskoy Rossii v XIX stoletii. Sbornik statey [Diplomacy and wars of tsarist Russia in the 19th century. Collection of articles]. Moscow: Krasnaya Nov’ Publishing; 1923. 392 p. (In Russian)
5. Elbuzdukaeva T.U. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe, politicheskoe i kul'turnoe razvitie Chechni i Ingushetii v 20–30-e gody XX veka. Avtoref. diss… dokt. ist. nauk [Socio-economic, political and cultural development of Chechnya and Ingushetia in the 20-30s of the XX century. Dissertation theses]. Rostov-on-Don: [n. p.]; 2013. 46 p. (In Russian)
6. Vinogradov V.B., Losev I.K., Salamov A.A. Checheno-Ingushetiya v sovetskoy istoricheskoy nauke. (Kritiko-bibliograficheskiy obzor) [Checheno-Ingushetia in Soviet historical science. (Critical bibliographic review)]. Trudy Checheno-Ingushskogo NII istorii pri SM ChIASSR [Proceedings of the Chechen-Ingush Research Institute of History under the Council of Ministers of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]. 1963;VIII(I):1–82. (In Russian)
7. Akaev V.Kh. Ranniy Avtorkhanov. (K stanovleniyu istoricheskikh vzglyadov Abdurakhmana Avtorkhanova) [Early Avtorkhanov. (On the formation of the historical views of Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov)]. Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov i politicheskaya istoriya Kavkaza. Avtorkhanovskie chteniya, 30–31 maya 1994 g. [Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov and the Political History of the Caucasus. Avtorkhanov Readings, May 30–31, 1994]. Akaev V.Kh. (ed.). Groznyy: [n. p.]; 1994, pp. 3–9. (In Russian)
8. Nashkhoev M. Problemy istorii Chechni v rannikh rabotakh A. Avtorkhanova [Problems of the history of Chechnya in the early works of A. Avtorkhanov]. Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov i politicheskaya istoriya Kavkaza. Avtorkhanovskie chteniya, 30–31 maya 1994 g. [Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov and the political history of the Caucasus. Avtorkhanov Readings, May 30–31, 1994]. Akaev V.Kh. (ed.). Groznyy: [n. p.]; 1994, pp. 20–23. (In Russian)
9. Sheripov Z. Sheykh Mansur. (Kratkiy istoriko-biograficheskiy ocherk) [Sheikh Mansour. (Short historical and biographical essay)]. O tekh, kogo nazyvali abrekami. Sbornik rasskazov, povestey, legend, skazok, stikhotvoreniy i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh ocherkov o Chechne i chechentsakh [About those who were called abreks. Collection of short stories, novellas, legends, fairy tales, poems and socio-economic essays about Chechnya and Chechens]. Groznyy: Chechen department of public education; 1927, pp. 151–158. (In Russian)
10. Avtorkhanov A. Kratkiy istoriko-kul'turnyy i ekonomicheskiy ocherk o Chechne [Brief historical, cultural and economic essay on Chechnya]. Rostov-on-Don: North Caucasus Publishing; 1931. 56 p. (In Russian)
11. Avtorkhanov A. K osnovnym voprosam istorii Chechni. (K desyatiletiyu Sovetskoy Chechni) [To the main questions of the history of Chechnya. (On the tenth anniversary of Soviet Chechnya)]. Groznyy: Serlo Press; 1930. 108 p. (In Russian)
12. Abazatov M. Mansur Ushurma [Mansur Ushurma]. Groznenskiy rabochiy [Grozny Worker]. 1939;111:3. (In Russian)
13. Tsorieva I.T. “Razzhigal strast' k poznaniyu istorii…”: Boris Vasil'evich Skitskiy. Chelovek. Uchenyy. Pedagog ["He kindled a passion for the knowledge of history ...": Boris Vasilyevich Skitsky. A Person. A Scientist. A Teacher]. Izvestiya SOIGSI [Bulletin of the North Ossetian Institute for Humanitarian and Social Research]. 2015;18(57):103–109. (In Russian)
14. Skitskiy B.V. Sotsial'nyy kharakter dvizheniya imama Mansura [The social nature of Imam Mansur's movement]. Izvestiya 2-go Severo-kavkazskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta imeni Gadieva [Bulletin of the 2nd North Caucasian Pedagogical Institute named after Gadiev]. 1932;IX:112–126. (In Russian)
15. Pokrovskiy N.I. Kavkazskie voyny i imamat Shamilya [Caucasian wars and Shamil's imamate]. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publisher; 2009. 584 p. (In Russian)
16. Russkaya literatura XX veka. Prozaiki, poety, dramaturgi: Biobibliograficheskiy slovar' [Russian literature of the XX century. Prose writers, poets, playwrights: Bio-bibliographic dictionary]. Vol. 1: A–Zh. Skatova N.N. (ed.). Moscow: OLMA-PRESS Invest; 2005. 733 p. (In Russian)
17. Vinogradov A. Sheykh Mansur [Sheykh Mansur]. Moscow: Journal and newspaper Association Publ.; 1934. 44 p. (In Russian)
18. Shnirelman V.A. Byt' alanami: intellektualy i politika na Severnom Kavkaze v XX veke [Being Alans: intellectuals and politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th century]. Moscow: New Literary Observer Press; 2006. 696 p. (In Russian)
19. Stenogramma soveshchaniya po voprosam istorii SSSR v TsK VKP(b) v 1944 godu [Transcript of a meeting on the history of the USSR in the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1944]. Aminatov Yu.N., Tikhonova Z.N. (publ.) Voprosy istorii [Questions of History]. 1996;2:47–86. (In Russian)
20. Zaks A.B. Diskussiya o dvizhenii Shamilya [Discussion about Shamil's movement]. Voprosy istorii [Questions of History]. 1947;11:134–140. (In Russian)
21. Tikhonov V.V. Kak “malen'kie lyudi” tvorili bol'shuyu istoriyu: fenomen “malen'kogo cheloveka” i ego rol' v poslevoennykh kampaniyakh v sovetskoy istoricheskoy nauke [How “little people” were making a big history: the phenomenon of the “little man” and its role in post-war campaigns in the Soviet Historical Science]. Istoriya i istoriki: istoriograficheskiy vestnik. 2011–2012 [History and Historians: Historiographic Bulletin. 2011–2012]. Sakharov A.N. (ed.). Moscow: Nauka Press; 2013, pp. 108–124. (In Russian)
22. Bagirov M.D. K voprosu o kharaktere dvizheniya myuridizma i Shamilya [On the question of the nature of the movement of Muridism and Shamil]. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Press; 1950. 32 p. (In Russian)
23. Tillett L. The Great Friendship. Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press; 1969. 468 p.
24. Bushuev S.K. Iz istorii russko-kabardinskikh otnosheniy [From the history of Russian-Kabardian relations]. Nalchik: Kabardian Book Publishing; 1956. 192 p. (In Russian)
25. Smirnov N.A. Turetskaya agentura pod flagom islama. (Vosstanie sheykha Mansura na Severnom Kavkaze) [Turkish agents under the flag of Islam. (The uprising of Sheikh Mansur in the North Caucasus)]. Voprosy istorii religii i ateizma. Sbornik statey [Questions of the history of religion and atheism. Collection of articles]. Bonch-Bruevich V.D. (ed.). Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publishing; 1950, pp. 11–63. (In Russian)
26. Smirnov N. Sheykh Mansur i ego turetskie vdokhnoviteli [Sheikh Mansour and his Turkish inspirers]. Voprosy istorii [Questions of History]. 1950;10:19–39.
27. Druzhinina E.I. Severnoe Prichernomor'e v 1775–1800 gg. [Northern Black Sea region in 1775–1800]. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publishing; 1959. 280 p. (In Russian)
28. Smirnov N.A. Politika Rossii na Kavkaze v XVI–XIX vekakh [Russian policy in the Caucasus in the 16th–19th centuries]. Moscow: Sotsekgiz Press; 1958. 244 p. (In Russian)
29. Bukalova V.M. Antifeodal'naya bor'ba kabardinskikh krest'yan vo vtoroy polovine XVIII veka [The struggle of Kabardian peasants in the second half of the XVIII century against the feudal lords]. Voprosy istorii [Questions of History]. 1961;6:75–84. (In Russian)
30. Skitskiy B.V. Ocherki istorii gorskikh narodov. Izbrannoe [Essays on the history of mountain peoples. Selected writings]. Dzhanaev A.K. (comp.). Ordzhonikidze: [n. p.]; 1972, pp. 121–172. (In Russian)
31. Tikhonov V.V. Ideologicheskie kampanii «pozdnego stalinizma» i sovetskaya istoricheskaya nauka (seredina 1940-kh – 1953 g.) [Ideological campaigns of the “Late Stalinism” and Soviet Historical Science (mid-1940s – 1953)]. Moscow; Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya; 2016. 424 p. (In Russian)
32. Ocherki istorii Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR [Essays on the history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR]. Vol. I. Smirnov N.A. (ed.). Grozny: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing; 1967. 314 p. (In Russian)
33. Botsvadze T.D. Narody Severnogo Kavkaza v gruzinsko-russkikh politicheskikh vzaimootnosheniyakh XVI–XVIII vekov [The peoples of the North Caucasus in the Georgian-Russian political relations of the 16th–18th centuries]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba Press; 1974. 106 p. (In Russian)
34. Tavakalyan N.A. Prisoedinenie Checheno-Ingushetii k Rossii i ego posledstviya. Avtoref. diss… dokt. ist. nauk [Accession of Checheno-Ingushetia to Russia and its consequences. Dissertation theses]. Moscow: [n.p.]; 1972. 64 p. (In Russian)
35. Feofilaktova T.M. Severo-Zapadnyy Kavkaz vo vneshney politike Rossii vo vtoroy polovine XVIII v. Avtoref. diss… kand. ist. nauk [North-Western Caucasus in the foreign policy of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Dissertation theses]. Rostov-on-Don: [n.p.]; 1975. 22 p. (In Russian)
36. Akhmadov Sh.B. Narodnoe dvizhenie v Chechne v kontse XVIII veka. Avtoref. diss… kand. ist. nauk [Popular movement in Chechnya at the end of the 18th century. Dissertation theses]. Moscow: [n.p.]; 1974. 22 p. (In Russian)
37. Osmanov M.O. Ushurma [Ushurma]. Sovetskaya istoricheskaya entsiklopediya. T. 14: Taanakh – Feleo [Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 14: Taanach – Feleo]. Zhukov E.M. (ed.). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing; 1973, p. 923. (In Russian)
38. Dudarev S.L. V.B. Vinogradov i sud'ba innovatsionnoy kontseptsii russko-checheno-ingushskogo edinstva. (Rassuzhdeniya uchenika i sovremennika) [V.B. Vinogradov and the fate of the innovative concept of Russian-Chechen-Ingush unity. (Reasoning of a student and of a contemporary)]. Sbornik nauchnykh rabot Sergeya Leonidovicha Dudareva: stat'i, materialy, retsenzii. K 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya [Collection of scientific works of Sergei Leonidovich Dudarev: articles, materials, reviews. To the 60th anniversary of his birth.]. Moscow: Ileksa Press; 2011, pp. 401–406. (In Russian)
39. Vinogradov V.B. Moi zhurnalistskie i obshchestvennye universitety [My journalism and public universities]. Moscow, Armavir: Armavir State Pedagogical Academy; 2006. 56 p. (In Russian)
40. Baybulatov N.K., Bliev M.M., Buzurtanov M.R., Vinogradov V.B., Gadzhiev V.G. Vkhozhdenie Checheno-Ingushetii v sostav Rossii [1980] [The entry of Chechen-Ingushetia into Russia. 1980]. Sbornik izbrannykh statey Vitaliya Borisovicha Vinogradova. (K 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) [Collection of selected articles by Vitaly Borisovich Vinogradov. (To the 70th birthday)]. Dudarev S.L. (ed.). Armavir: Armavir State Pedagogical Academy; 2008, pp. 207–217. (In Russian)
41. Vlasov A.V. V bratskoy sem'e. (Vstupitel'noe slovo) [In a brotherly family. (Introduction)]. Velikiy Oktyabr' i peredovaya Rossiya v istoricheskikh sud'bakh narodov Severnogo Kavkaza (XVI – 70-e gody XX v.): Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii, 2–3 oktyabrya 1979 g., g. Groznyy [Great October and advanced Russia in the historical fate of the peoples of the North Caucasus (XVI – 70s of the XX century): Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference, October 2–3, 1979, Grozny.]. Narochnitskiy A.L. (ed.). Grozny: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing; 1982, pp. 11–21. (In Russian)
42. Akhmadov Sh.B. Imam Mansur. (Narodno-osvoboditel'noe dvizhenie v Chechne i na Severnom Kavkaze v kontse XVIII v.) [Imam Mansour. (People's liberation movement in Chechnya and the North Caucasus at the end of the 18th century)]. Grozny: Kniga Press; 1991. 288 p. (In Russian)
43. Borchashvili E.A. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie otnosheniya v Checheno-Ingushetii v XVIII–XIX vekakh [Socio-economic relations in Chechen-Ingushetia in the 18th–19th centuries]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba Press; 1988. 454 p. (In Russian)
44. Umakhanov M.-S.K. Otnoshenie dagestantsev k dvizheniyu gortsev Severnogo Kavkaza vo glave s sheykhom Mansurom (Ushurmoy) v 1785–1791 gg. [The attitude of the Dagestanis to the movement of the highlanders of the North Caucasus led by Sheikh Mansur (Ushurma) in 1785–1791]. Aktual'nye problemy istorii dorevolyutsionnoy Checheno-Ingushetii. Regional'naya nauchnaya konferentsiya. Tezisy dokladov i soobshcheniy [Actual problems of the history of pre-revolutionary Checheno-Ingushetia. Regional scientific conference. Abstracts of reports]. Muzhukhoev M.B., Khasbulatov A.I. (eds). Grozny: [n.p.]; 1990, pp. 53–54. (In Russian)
45. Kinyapina N.S., Bliev M.M., Degoev V.V. Kavkaz i Srednyaya Aziya vo vneshney politike Rossii (vtoraya polovina XVIII – 80-e gody XIX v.) [The Caucasus and Central Asia in the foreign policy of Russia (the second half of the 18th and the 80s of the 19th century)]. Moscow: Moscow University Publishing; 1984. 328 p. (In Russian)
46. Istoriya narodov Severnogo Kavkaza s drevneyshikh vremen do kontsa XVIII v. [History of the peoples of the North Caucasus from ancient times to the end of the XVIII century]. Piotrovskiy B.B. (ed.). Moscow: Nauka Press; 1988. 544 p. (In Russian)
47. Gammer M. A Preliminary to Decolonizing the Historiography of Shaykh Mansur. Middle Eastern Studies. 1996;32(1):191–202.
48. Gadzhiev V.G. “Esli tebya povedut kak Mansura k viselitse, derzhis' muzhestvenno, ibo mir ne postoyanen” [“If you are led like Mansur to the gallows, hold on courageously, for the world is not permanent”]. Bennigsen A. Narodnoe dvizhenie na Kavkaze v XVIII v. («Svyashchennaya voyna» Sheykha Mansura (1785–1791 gg.). Maloizvestnyy period i sopernichestvo v russko-turetskikh otnosheniyakh) [Popular movement in the Caucasus in the XVIII century. (“The Holy War” by Sheikh Mansur (1785–1791). A little-known period and rivalry in Russian-Turkish relations)]. Gadzhiev V.G. (ed.). Makhachkala: [n.p.]; [1994], pp. 3–36. (In Russian)
Review
For citations:
Manyshev S.B. “The first Caucasian revolutionary”: Sheikh Mansur in Soviet historiography. Minbar. Islamic Studies. 2023;16(3):513-536. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2023-16-3-513-536
Views:
1302
Email this article 