The article is devoted to the problems of the development of the regional system of international relations in the North Caucasus in the 16^th century. The era of the Horde khans and Shirvanshahs is forever a thing of the past, and they were replaced by new empires: the Safavids, the Ottomans and the Moscow state. With the help of world-system analysis the article reveals the transformation of the political landscape of the region that took place at that period. A new look at the Caucasian communities and their place in the history of civilization, as well as the forms happened to occur in the process of their integration into a particular state is offered to the reader's attention. The methods of identity formation used at that period are of great interest, as well as the hierarchical ideas that existed in the field of international relations. For the first time, the paper comes as an attempt to reconstruct the views on the balance of power then prevailing in the North Caucasus that correspond to the epoch under study.

The article gives a brief description of the work on logic “Isaguji” by Athir ad-din al-Abhari, which has become widespread in the Muslim East, in general, and in the Tatar public education system, in particular, which would make a certain contribution to the study of the content of the educational process in Tatar confessional schools of the indicated period. The paper provides some brief information on the history of the emergence of Logic as a science, as well as it mentions the contribution of Muslim scientists to its development. Al-Abhari's work is a propaedeutic to Logic and in terms of content, it can be divided into the following main sections: about words, about definitions, about types of judgments and inferences. The study of such a subject as Logic in Tatar madrasahs to a certain extent contributed, along with other disciplines, to the development of students’ mental activity and expanded their understanding of the surrounding reality.

The article introduces the content of a scientific article by Zakir Qadiri, unknown in Russia but published in Turkey during the period of his emigration. The author, relying on a rich source base, including world-famous literary monuments, as well as scientific works of Western and Russian Islamic scholars, examines the phenomenon of oral tradition as a cultural and historical phenomenon. He describes the role and place of tradition among the Arabs and other peoples in pre-Islamic era, writes about the transformation of tradition in the Muslim environment and its institutionalization in the form of hadith. The article also examines the features, methodology, positive and negative aspects of the science of hadith, including the reasons and mechanisms for falsifying isnads and matns of hadiths. The material is an example of the scientific work of a deeply educated Muslim intellectual, prepared in accordance with Western scientific traditions. The published data represent a valuable contribution to the array of information about the history of Tatar religious, philosophical, and in general scientific and social thought, and will enrich the annals of the Russian Islamic studies community.

The relevance of the presented topic lies in the fact that the activities of the Imam of Ghulja were not the subject of research. Based on the analysis of interviews with representatives of the Tatar diaspora of the Republic of Kazakhstan and memoir-epistolary material, the author examines the life and work of the Tatar Imam Kashflasrar in a foreign language space. The article points out his great contribution to the spiritual and moral education of representatives of the Tatar diaspora of Northwestern China, as well as the historical role of the imam in the process of repatriation of Tatars to the USSR. As a result of the conducted research, it can be concluded that largely due to the spiritual and educational activities of the imam, the Tatar diaspora has not lost its identity, its religion, language and culture, which is an important factor in preserving identity in a foreign-speaking country.

This article is devoted to the study of the specific features of the participation of North Ossetian Islamic spiritual organizations in the development of interreligious relations in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania in the late twentieth and the first decades of the 21^st centuries and their role in the development of the spiritual sphere of the republic’s public life and the stabilization of the political situation in this territorial subject of the Russian Federation. This study examines the features of the peacekeeping activities of the Muslim community of North Ossetia in the republic and in the North Caucasus as a whole. This article examines the role of the chairman of the Spiritual Board of Muslims of North Ossetia A.H. Evteev, H.M. Tavkazakhov and H.H. Gatsalov in the formation and the development of interfaith dialogue in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

The relevance of the study is related to the study of the concept of tolerance in Islam. Despite the large number of works on this topic, there is no clear definition of tolerance either in the Quran or in the Sunnah, which sets a broad framework for interpretation. At the same time, the general scientific definition of tolerance is not suitable because it does not exclude the complete acceptance of the opponent’s position, which is not applicable not only to Islam, but also to other Abrahamic religions. The postulate of freedom of religion remains unchanged in accordance with verse 2:256/ Moreover the papers provides some situational examples from the life of the Prophet Muhammad and Muslim rulers, who used tolerance as a tool of interaction and influence on the non-Muslim population and protecting the religious consciousness of Muslims from other beliefs and ideologies.

The subject of the article is the medieval manuscript “аl-‘Aqaid an-nasafiyya” and aspects related to its compilation. The article contains the data about the earliest version of the manuscript and its textual features. Some discrepancies with modern editions of the treatise text are revealed, the historical motive for compiling the work, as well as its connection with the main theological works of major scholars of the Hanafi madhhab are considered. The colophon of the manuscript, which provides valuable information about the date and place of composition of this theological treatise, is examined separately.

Abu Hamid al-Ghazali is a distinct figure among the mujaddids who are known as the renewers of the faith. It is clear already from the fact that he was the first to have proclaimed himself as one of them but have not been proclaimed as a mujaddid after his death. The present article emphasizes the significance of such declaration, as well as its performative (that is accepted as going beyond the simple act of speech) effect and points out its internal validity in connection with the historically developing concept and practice of tajdid. Moreover, the paper examines the interconnectedness of the milestones of al-Ghazali's life path and the stages of the epistemological “journey” he embarked on. It is shown that his rejection of certain methods of Sufism, falsafa and fiqh did not constitute for an essential abandonment of these domains, but was an attempt to return to the original core of these disciplines, as it was understood in terms of renewal and revival of religious sciences. The encyclopedic compendium compiled by al-Ghazali served the same purpose that is fulfilling the knowledge so it could serve to the one who is able to comprehend the plan of renewal. In conclusion of the article the author presents the general idea of ​​al-Ghazali's “program” to achieve a level of knowledge in the Islamic sciences that can be tested by reason and sensory experience, with the elimination of elements unstable to such verification.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the specific features of the formation and development of the system of Islamic religious institutions in Kazakhstan in the 1990s – 2000s and their role in the development of public consciousness of the Kazakh society. The author studies the process of revival of the Muslim religion in the Kazakh state during the period under study, taking into account all aspects that caused the rapid and intensive nature of this process. The article analyzes the policy of the political leadership of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to the Islamic religion, examines the role of Islamic educational and cultural centers in strengthening the foundations of the Muslim religion.

Education plays a key role in a person’s life, regardless of their beliefs. This valuable perspective stems from the fact that educational development must primarily focus on philosophy, which becomes the foundation for the theoretical and practical components of the entire system. Islamic Philosophy methodologically shapes education throughout all stages of its historical and epistemological development. The purpose of this article is to consider the Islamic Philosophy of education in terms of the fundamentals of the conceptual worldview represented by Metaphysics, Axiology and various philosophical schools that contribute to the achievement of comprehensive and systematic education. Such a cognitive approach to the application of Islamic Philosophy is necessary for understanding the nature of spiritual education in modern society, including the study of social and environmental problems, as well as the meaning and role of emotional, spiritual and critical intelligence in the modern world. By studying Philosophy in Islamic teachings, one can understand its significance in the theoretical and practical aspects of education, and see the systemic connections of religious knowledge with other types of knowledge.

This article is located at the intersection of Islamic Psychology, Islamic Theology, and Schema Therapy and provides a thorough investigation of the fundamental schema therapy concepts in an Islamic discourse. The paper presents a study of the basic concepts of Schema Therapy in Islamic discourse and, in particular, suggests the consideration of schemas as an analogue of the "imprints" enveloping the heart (qalb). Both the patterns and these imprints are formed in early childhood as a result of good or bad upbringing, and later, in adulthood, they develop – strengthen or weaken – as the spiritual consequences of good deeds or sins. It is proved that the development of positive schemas and the modification, weakening of negative schemas are like "polishing" or cleansing the heart to bring it into an ideal healthy state, or the so-called “qalb salim”. The notion of modes in schema therapy is examined in Islamic discourse by means of a thorough analysis of the three types (parts) of nafs, which is Russian for "soul" or "I" ("Self").  The concepts of al-nafs al-ammarah, al-nafs al-lawwamah and al-nafs al-mutma’innah as types (parts) of nafs are compared to some modes from the schema therapy model (child modes, parent modes (critics), Healthy Adult mode).

The conceptualization of the relationship between the components of the nafs was substantiated by comprehending the processes of interaction between modes found within the theoretical model of schema therapy. This enabled the identification of the strategic practical tasks of both the individual spiritual process of tazkiyat al-nafs, which is Arabic for "purification of the soul," and spiritually oriented psychotherapy for Muslim clients: 1) to develop and strengthen al-nafs al-mutma'innah, providing it with knowledge and wisdom, primarily from Islamic sources, and aiming it at "leadership" among other parts of nafs in order to keep them within established boundaries and moderation, as well as to help the qalb (heart) to find peace; 2) to orient al-nafs al-lawwamah to fulfill its originally inherent functions (the requirement of abstinence from sinful behavior and performance of duties), to prevent its excessive activity and switch it from destructive criticism to constructive; 3) through reminders from an-nafs al-mutma'innah, as well as reasonable and moderate demands from an-nafs al-lawwamah to keep an-nafs al-ammarah within the boundaries established by Allah, in the "golden mean", within the framework of the Islamic principle of wasatiyyah (moderation). This should ultimately contribute to achieving a healthy heart, or qalb salim, and harmony of nafs with fitrah, that is known as the very essence of human nature.

The article presents some results of a qualitative research on the topic of religiosity as a factor of subjective well-being of Russian women in the cross-cultural marriages with UAE nationals. The study involved 11 Russian women from 22 to 50 years old. As a result of the thematic analysis and qualitative processing of the data of the research based on semi-structured interviews it was concluded that the religion all study participants profess, Islam, is a significant factor in the subjective well-being of the studied selection of women and contributes to the greater value of the unity with a foreign-cultural spouse. The results of the study can be used for further qualitative and quantitative research on the matter of cross-cultural marriages and in the practice of psychologists and social workers to help cross-cultural couples in order to fully realize their potential.