The article deals with the issue around the list of the Osman's Quran (Mushaf ʻUthman) in the history of the Golden Horde. On the basis of information from the medieval Arabic sources, it is proved that one of the copies of the Osman's Quran was presented to the Golden Horde ruler Berke by the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Baybars as a sign of friendship and respect for the fact that Berke Khan became a Muslim and spread the traditions of Islam in the territory of the Golden Horde. The history of this list of the Quran is mysterious, and many scientists and religious figures turned to it, as well as the Tatar historian-educator Shihab al-Din al-Marjani. The article is supposed to consider the relationship between the information of the medieval Arab chroniclers and the statements of Sh. Marjani about the authenticity of the copy of the Quran, which is today on the territory of Uzbekistan.

The article presents the thoughts of one of the first Tatar historians Husain Amirkhan (1814–1893) about the historical genealogy of the Muslims of the Volga-Urals and the Muslim tradition of the region as a whole. The original text, in many respects, conducts a dialogue and opposes the work of Hisamuddin Muslimi with the same title dated by the end of the 18^th and beginning of the 19^th centuries. Accents, in the form of the author’s historical memory, comply to the system of values in which the author was formed as a person, as an alim, as a historian. The perception of the past and the historical genealogy of one's people reflects the first attempt at a systematic analysis outside the methods of modern knowledge.

H. Amirkhan calls his contemporaries “Muslims”, the word “Tatars” appears in the sections about the origin of the Bulgars and in the story about the history of Kazan after joining Russia. The existence of Islam and its history become the main context of the “stories” of the region, the author absorbs and adapts local stories within the history of the Muslims of the Volga-Urals. This is reflected in the use of shajara and the history of settlements.

H. Amirkhan uses texts that were the part of the local tradition of historical writing, while actively engaging in polemics with them. Following the logic of written and possibly oral sources, the author most loyally and ethically presents a consistent and chronological narrative about the past of the Muslim population of the Volga-Urals and of the region as a whole. A created pattern of perception of the past, which, with certain assumptions, exists to the present.

The article provides a brief description of an unpublished handwritten work by Mukhammad-Amin al-Bulgari, devoted to the issue of the obligation to perform a night prayer on short summer nights, when the evening dawn does not disappear until the dawn. The work is a dispute in absentia between the author and an opponent representing the camp of those who believed that the obligatory nature of night prayer on the mentioned days of the year subsides due to the absence of a reason for its obligatory nature, which is the disappearance of twilight. The author refutes the condition put forward by the opponent by the fact that the real reason for the obligation to perform a prayer is that a person receives benefits from Almighty Allah, while physical signs serve as nothing more than a guideline for its performance. Coordinating the hadith about the imamship of Jibril (Gabriel), which explains the times of five prayers, and the hadith of Dajjal (The Antichrist), which refers to the need to determine the conditional time of prayer during the day, which will last a year, the author concludes that the first does not imply a physical sign (disappearance of dawn), but the corresponding period of time.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the significant role of the religious factor in the political activity of the main opposing forces during the Civil War in Kabarda and Balkaria (1918–1920). The purpose of the work is to analyze the use of the religious factor by both pro-Bolshevik and anti-Bolshevik forces in the subregion to achieve their political aspirations. The study was carried out on the basis of an analysis of documents published and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, memoirs of contemporaries of the events under consideration, the main scientific publications in which the object of research is touched upon. The following methods were used in the work: analysis, synthesis, microhistoric analysis, historical Psychology. Historicism is a cross-cutting principle of research. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the religious factor, due to its special significance for the peoples of the subregion under consideration, was widely used by all political actors during the Civil War. At the same time, the political success of the Bolsheviks was largely due to the conclusion of a kind of strategic alliance with the politically active part of the local clergy, which, in turn, fulfilled the role of a conductor of Bolshevism in the popular environment. The latter was especially important in view of the need to ethnize the revolution, without which it would be extremely difficult for the Bolsheviks to really strengthen their power in the region.

The main aim of the article is to realize the reconstruction of cultural-historical and religious-philosophical foundations of F. Gulen's doctrine, thus, to reveal the place and the role of this doctrine in the ideological heritage of the Republic of Belarus. The objective is subordinated to the logical arguments of historical and philosophical interpretation. The paper also reveals the understanding of the meaning and purpose of the intelligentsia; it carries out the philosophical and epistemological analysis of Gulen's teaching. The aim of the investigation includes a thorough study of plausible inferences showing intensive characteristics of political conclusions, their role and place in modern transitive societies. This article emphasizes the key aspects of understanding the variability of Gulen’s social and philosophical views known as conceptual foundations. Moreover, the study uncovers the ambiguity and even the so-called «extremist» potential of these thoughts. Also the authors revealed the fact to what extent Gulen’s heritage gets into a resonance with the modern philosophical culture. The conclusions of the research can contribute to deepening the ideas about the essence of self-knowledge.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the perception of the Islamic State of Indonesia (1949–1962) in modern Indonesian memorial culture and historical collective memory. It is assumed that the ideological contradictions and methodological difficulties of localizing the history of Islam in the culture of memory of Indonesia are aggravated by the collective traumas of mutual violence and mistrust between secular nationalists and their Islamic opponents. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the attempts of the Indonesian society to form a compromise canon of the culture of historical memory as a space for dialogue and development of the images of the Islamic State, which was previously the object of negative mythologization, which led to its marginalization in the collective historical memory. The author analyses 1) the features of the imagination of the Islamic State in the politics of memory, 2) the prospects and contradictions of integrating the history of the Islamic State into the historical imagination of the memorial culture of Indonesia, 3) attempts to revise the history of the Islamic State in the context of the development of the memorial culture of modern Indonesian society. The results of the study suggest that Indonesian society is active in its attempts to use the mechanisms of historical politics to form a new image of the history of the Islamic State, seeking to build a compromise version of the memorial culture, which would include secular and religious versions of historical memory.

This article is a study of the term ‘ibada (worship) through the prism of Sunni dogma, or rather a study of a criterion or measure, with the help of which it can be determined that some act or mental aspiration of a person is considered to be or not to be a worship from the point of view of Theology. This is important in order to correctly assess a person's actions in the context of monotheism and polytheism. A review of the sources and literature on this topic indicates that Sunni theologians from the time of al-Salaf al-Salih to the present day knew about this criterion, which is the conviction of the divinity of someone with respect to whom humility is manifested. Unfortunately, the medieval theologian Ibn-Taymiyya, whose legacy became the foundation for the followers of Salafism (Wahhabism), ignored this criterion in his definition of worship. This in turn led to fact that some masses of Muslims were accused of disbelief (kufr) and polytheism (shirk). Their particular actions were judged as worship of someone else except Allah. Currently, similar accusations against Muslims by the supporters of the Wahhabi doctrine still happen to occur. However, even among them there are those who are critical of the heritage of their authorities and admit the fallacy of the absence of this criterion in their works.

The article introduces one of the most prominent scholars of the Shafi‘i school, Imam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (1503–1566) and his book al-I‘ab Sharh al-‘Ubab. The article also covers the most important aspects of the book and the author's methodology in writing it. The book is one of Imam Ibn Hajar's best works and is notable for its detailed presentation of the scholarly topics and controversies and for the fact that the author analyses and clarifies as well as criticizes and provides counterarguments. This is a commentary (sharh) on Safi al-Din al-Muzajjad's (1443–1523) book «al-‘Ubab al-muhit bi mu‘zam nusus al-Shafi‘i wa al-ashab». The article reflects the main features of the author's methodology, such as: linguistic analysis, detailed analysis and criticism of arguments, the author's position in determination of the preferred opinion in the madhhab. The topic reveals the importance of the scientific and theological edition and publication of the book «al-I‘ab Sharh al-‘Ubab».

The article attempts to identify issues relevant to modernity, such as the specifics of the formation of theological knowledge, the semantic field of theology. Modern times have started the process of rethinking the criteria of reasonableness and validity. In this regard, a number of Tatar theologians have laid down approaches and methods that meet scientific requirements, tools suitable for discussing a new understanding of theology. They have developed the new concepts of the theory of knowledge aimed at a meaningful study of the Quran and the Sunnah, a revision of the role of scholastic theology in creating a picture of the world. After all, the unwillingness to search for models of God's interaction with the world led to a distorted use of the sources of truth. They saw ample opportunities for the cognition of reality in the Quran and the Sunnah. The introduction of natural sciences and humanities into the curriculum was aimed at developing scientific methods and approaches in the study of sacred texts, assumed a critical approach to the study of the features of the Quran, the interpretation of certain provisions of religious dogmas on the basis of scientific reflection. Tatar theologians have developed methods to overcome a number of ideological problems of the Muslim community by solving conceptual issues of Islamic theology.

Hadith is the second main source of Islam after the Holy Quran. The study of hadiths, which serve as a commentary on the Holy Quran, is very important for every Muslim. In this regard, many scholars of Islam, including Tatar theologians, have made a great contribution to the study, preservation and dissemination of hadiths of Prophet Muhammad. The article deals with the collections of hadiths, which were compiled by famous Tatar theologians of the 19^th – early 20^th centuries: by Zarif Amirkhani, ‘Alimjan Barudi, Rizaeddin Fakhreddin. The purpose of the article is to show the sources and content of these hadith collections, which were used as teaching aids in Tatar madrasas. The study of these works contributes to the understanding of the significant role of Tatar theologians in the dissemination and development of the heritage of Islam in Russia.

The article is devoted to the analysis of fatwas carried out by the DUM RD (Religious Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Dagestan) in the period from 12/4/2017 to 05/19/2022. At the beginning, a general analysis and classification of fatwas for the entire specified period is made. A total of 760 fatwas were considered. Their topics cover issues of belief, worship, trade, personal status, social problems, medicine and crime. Below here are the statistics of fatwas for each separate year. Moreover, here we can observe three fatwas given as an example of the Dagestan ulema issuing theological and legal conclusions. Analyzing the sources on which the employees of the DUM RD relied when issuing the first hundred fatwas, it was revealed that in most cases they refer to the book «Tuhfat al-mukhtaj”, and to a lesser extent to a number of other authoritative writings among the Shafiites.

Islamic financial services have long been part of the Russian economy. Despite the insignificant share, there is an increase in the number of companies in the Islamic financial services market, as well as important institutional adjustments appear, manifested in an increase in the effectiveness of control over market entities. Among the regions of Russia, the Republic of Tatarstan is distinguished by a wide range of services provided, the fact of which makes the analysis interesting. The purpose of this article is to explore the current processes observed in the Islamic finance market of Tatarstan and identify reserves to increase market capacity.

The methodological basis of the scientific article is an institutional approach that allows analyzing the influence of institutions on the activity of the Islamic finance market of Tatarstan.

During the analysis of the services provided by the participants of the Islamic financial market of the Republic of Tatarstan, it was found that in the regional aspect there is a wide range of services, as well as a diverse approach to the implementation of Islamic contracts in practice, however, the lack of retail solutions should be highlighted as a growth reserve.

The purpose of the study is to construct a theory of human potential based on the Quranic messages. Human potential is defined as psychological endowments that all human beings have and that can be developed throughout their lives. The discourse of this study is Islamic Psychology, which integrates the science of Psychology and Quranic messages. The method that is used in this study is the Maqasid methodology by Jasseer Auda (2021) and Ali Abdul Moneim (2018). The result of the study shows the existence of four basic human potentials that argued as the starting point of any psychological dynamics. These four basic human potentials are: (1) sensing, that relates to the five senses; (2) reasoning, that includes the dynamics of cognition, intelligence, rationality, and logical thinking; (3) empathy, that covers the dynamics of emotion, attachment, compassion, care, and love; (4) conscience, that covers issues on spirituality, religiosity, universality, and eternity. These four basic human potentials are argued as the driving force of human freedom or independent will. The application of the theory on human potential is discussed relating to mental health and human development in general. The theory of human potential that is constructed in this study can also benefit in the practice of parenting and education and is also to explain social phenomena, especially in this information era. The comparison of the result of this study with other relevant psychological constructs is discussed.

This article is an integral part of a series of articles in which the positive dynamics of psychological work based on Ingush culture and religious values is shown by the example of specific cases of child-parent relations. In the first article of the series "Multicultural approach in psychological counseling: ethno-religious aspect (case analysis)" [1] on the example of father-daughter relations, we described the content of the process of psychological counseling, performed taking into account the ethno-cultural and spiritual characteristics of the client. The second article "Counseling in the cultural and spiritual context of the client (case analysis)" [2] reveals the process of culturally oriented counseling on the example of the father-son relationship. The third article "Ethnic and religious identity as a client's resources in working with a psychologist" [3] describes the process of psychological counseling, taking into account cultural, religious and individual diversity, using the example of the relationship between a spouse and her missing husband. In the fourth article "Cultural and spiritual dimension in psychological counseling (case analysis)" [4], an analysis of a multicultural approach in psychological counseling, which takes into account the ethnic and religious specifics of the client, is given on the example of a specific case of the work of a psychologist sensitive to cultural and spiritual differences with the relationship of mother and daughter. The positive dynamics of psychological work based on the Ingush culture and values of Islam is shown. In the fifth article, an attempt is made to comprehend the experience of a ten-year-old girl saying goodbye to her mother, to understand what helps a person when their loved one leaves this world [5]. This article describes the culture of providing psychological assistance, taking into account the spiritual heritage of the client, using the example of a specific case. The results of the study showed that the multicultural competence of the therapist provides them not only with a high level of the client’s trust, but also a professional approach based on the use of ethno-religious resources in therapeutic work.